The gametogenia often differ in size, regardless of mating type. Meiosis is delayed until the germination of the zygospores. The sporangiophore contains both '+' and '−' mating type strains. Sexual reproduction occurs when compatible mating strains are paired, ultimately giving rise to zygospores. Rhizopus stolonifer can reproduce asexually and sexually. Ultraviolet irradiation can delay spore germination. Rhizopus stolonifer can grow in acidic environments with a pH of as low as 2.2. The thermal death point, which is defined as the lowest temperature that can kill all cells in ten minutes, is 60 ☌. The optimal temperature for growth varies between 25 and 30 ☌. The spores are shaped differently depending on the available nutrients. stolonifer can be up to 2.5 mm long and about 20 μm in diameter. Rhizopus species periodically produce rhizoids, which anchor it to the substrate and unbranched aerial sporangiophores. They can climb vertically as well as horizontally. The stolons provide an aerial structure for the growth of the mycelium and the occupation of large areas. stolonifer grows rapidly and spreads by means of the stolons. Nonetheless, it can also behave as a parasite of plant tissues causing a rot of vegetables and fruits. This species is known as a saprotroph and plays an important role in the early colonization of substrata in soil. stolonifer showing characteristic striations. Growth and physiology Gem-shaped sporangiospores of R. Rhizopus lives in hyphae and matured spores. stolonifer will not grow on Czapek's agar because it cannot utilize nitrogen in the form of nitrate. In the laboratory, this fungus grows well on different media, including those that contain ammonium salts or amino compounds. stolonifer can tolerate broad variations in the concentration of essential nutrients and can use carbon and nitrogen combined in diverse forms. A variety of natural substrata are colonized by this species because R. It can exist in the soil as well as in the air. It is often one of the first molds to appear on stale bread. It is found on all types of mouldy materials. Rhizopus stolonifer is a worldwide distributed species. The name was changed in 1902 to Rhizopus stolonifer by the French mycologist J. This fungus was first discovered by the German scientist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1818 as Rhizopus nigricans. stolonifer grows rapidly, mostly in indoor environments. Like other members of the genus Rhizopus, R. It is a common agent of decomposition of stored foods. It is one of the most common fungi in the world and has a global distribution although it is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. It is a member of Zygomycota and considered the most important species in the genus Rhizopus. Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as black bread mold. Rhizopus niger Ciaglinski & Hewelke (1893).
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